March/April 2010

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Aroma Enhancement and Characterization of the Absolute Osmanthus fragrans Lour.

by: Wei-Rong Yao, Yin-Zhu Zhang and Yi Chen and Zhi-Ping Yang

In this paper, β-glucosidase hydrolysis approach was applied on Osmanthus fragrans Lour. flowers for the aroma enhancement of the extract. The hydrolysis and extraction conditions, including enzyme amount, temperature, time, rate of agitation, buffer pH, buffer volume, extraction time, extraction temperature and petroleum ether volume, were optimized. The crude extract (concrete) and refined extract (absolute) under optimum conditions had increased yields of 0.42% and 0.25%, which were 147.1% and 177.8%, respectively, as compared with the procedure without the β-glucosidase hydrolysis. Analyses showed no obvious qualitative differences in the volatiles produced with and without enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the amount of typical aroma components significantly increased in the hydrolysis sample. As compared with the no-hydrolysis control, the first four aroma components with the most increase were 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecan-2-one, nonanal, dihydro-β-ionol and (E)-β-ionone in the hydrolysis sample. Megastigma-4,6(E),8(E)-triene was only found in the hydrolysis sample, but the amount of trans-linalool oxide, cis-linalool oxide and dihydro-3-oxo-ionol decreased. Organoleptic assessment supported that the hydrolysis sample produced a stronger fragrance.

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Iranian Conifers. Part I: Aroma Profiles of Leaves and Fruits of Juniperus polycarpos var. polycarpos (Cupressaceae)

by: S.A. Emami, S. Afsharypuor, J. Asili and M. Sairafianpour

The essential oils of the leaves and fruits of Juniperus polycarpos var. polycarpos were obtained by steam distillation. Chemical constituents of the obtained oils were analyzed by GC, GC/MS, GC/FTIR and 13C-NMR. The major components of the leaf oil of Juniperus polycarpos var. polycarpos were α-pinene (32.3%), cedrol (13.1%), β-elemene (3.7%), myrcene (3%), β-bisabolene (2.9%) and limonene (2.8%); whereas, the fruit oil contained α-pinene (47.6%), cedrol (12.0%), myrcene (5.1%), germacrene B (3.2%) and β-pinene (2.7%).

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Lippia substrigosa Turcz. Growing Wild in Guatemala

by: A.J.R. Da Silva, J.F.P. Sabino and M.M. Reyes

The essential oil of Lippia substrigosa Turcz. was analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Lippia substrigosa Turcz. is a native plant from Central America and south of Mexico. A yield of 0.3% (w/w) was obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried aerial parts of the plant. The essential oil showed a high content of sesquiterpenoids, with germacrene D (29.5%), β-caryophyllene (15.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.9%), and the monoterpene sabinene (11.1%) as the main components. The compounds identified amount to 86.6% of the total essential oil.

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Essential Oils From Myrtaceae Species of the Brazilian Southeastern Maritime Forest (Restinga)

by: M.F. de S. Ramos, S. da S. Monteiro, V.P. da Silva, M.J. Nakamura and A.C. Siani

The leaf oils from five Myrtaceae species growing in the restinga forest of Carapebus, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Eugenia punicifolia oil contained only sesquiterpenes, with predominance of b-elemene (22.1%) followed by β-caryophyllene (8.5%) and components of the selinane (24.8%) and cadinane (14.0%) skeletal-types. Eugenia sulcata oil had the highest content of monoterpenes, among which α-pinene (12.2%), β-pinene (10.8%) and 1,8-cineole (19.6%) predominated. This profile was completed with 23.5% of caryophyllane and humulane derivatives. α-Pinene also appeared significantly (18.8%) in Eugenia rotundifolia, followed by small amounts of α-terpineol (4.4), while limonene (4.7%) and 1,8-cineole (6.8%)were the main monoterpenes in Myrciaria floribunda. The chemical profile of Neomitranthes obscura was also dominated by selinane-type sesquiterpenes: α-cadinene (23.4%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (13.9%), β-selinene (8.5%) and α-selinene (5.5%), followed by traces of pinenes, limonene and 1,8-cineole (2.4%). Total cyclic sesquiterpene alcohols, esters and epoxides decreased from 55.5% in E. rotundifolia to 8.6% in M. floribunda. However, the latter species contained 26.9% of (E)-nerolidol in the oil composition. Traces of ketones (up to 3.1%) are present in E. punicifolia, N. obscura and M. floribunda.

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Headspace Volatiles of Theobroma cacao L. Pulp From Colombia

by: J.A. Pino, L. Ceballos and C.E. Quijano

Volatile compounds were isolated from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pulp by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), coupled with GC-FID and GC/MS. The volatile compounds were examined by combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-six volatiles were identified, of which 2-heptyl acetate, 2-pentyl acetate and linalool were the major components.

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Volatile Metabolites From the Wood-inhabiting Fungi Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma applanatum, and Stereum hirsutum

by: F.C. Ziegenbein, W.A. König and H.-P. Hanssen

The essential oils of the wood-inhabiting fungi Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma applanatum, and Stereum hirsutum were analyzed. Volatiles were obtained by hydrodistillation and investigated by GC and GC/MS. In total, 33 compounds could be identified from B. adusta. Major components were R-(-)-1-octen-3-ol, hexadecanoic acid, 1-hepten-3-one, 2-pentylfuran and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. m-Cymene could be identified for the first time as a fungal constituent. From G. applanatum, 22 compounds could be identified, with R-(-)-1-octen-3-ol and phenylacetaldehyde being the major constituents of the oil. As major compound, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal was found in the hydrodistillates of S. hirsutum among 28 further constituents. (Z)-Asarone and β-ionone could be identified for the first time from a fungal source.

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Laboratory Evaluations ofSyzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry Essential Oil Against Varroa destructor

by: M.D. Maggi, S.R. Ruffinengo, L.B. Gende, E.G. Sarlo, M.J. Eguaras, P.N. Bailac and M.I. Ponzi

The oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the floral bottom of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eugenol was the main constituent in the oil (86.7%). The biological activity of the oil applied to Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera was evaluated in two laboratory tests. Mite lethality was estimated using a complete exposure method test with the oil at different concentrations, and a systemic administration method of oil at different concentrations diluted in syrup was placed in feeders for bees. The LC50 for complete exposure method at 24 h was 0.59 mL/dish. The inferior and superior limits obtained were 0.47 x 10-6 mL/dish and 1.22 mL/dish, respectively. LC50 estimated at 48 h showed a slight decrease as compared to that recorded at 24 h. Ratio selection (LC50 of A. mellifera/ LC50 of V. destructor) for complete exposure method was 26.46 and 13.35 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Regarding the systemic administration method, mites LC50 at 24 h was 12,300 ppm. The inferior and superior limits calculated were 9,214 ppm and 15,178 ppm, respectively. LC50 estimated at 48 h showed a slight decrease as compared to that recorded at 24 h. Ratio selection for systemic administration method was 3.05 and 2.22 for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum oil was found to be an attractant for V. destructor at 4.8% (w/w) concentration. The results showed that oil toxicity against V. destructor differed depending upon its administration. Nevertheless, the ratio selection calculated by this oil is expected to enable its application under field conditions with a good safety margin. This oil could also be used in combination with other oils in integrated pest management strategies in bee colonies.

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Chemical Composition of Mangifera indica Essential Oil From Nigeria

by: A.M. Džamic, P.D. Marin, A.A. Gbolade and M.S. Ristic

The essential oil isolated from the leaves and fruit peels of Mangifera indica L. by hydrodistillation was analyzed by combined GC and GC/MS. The leaves of M. indica were rich in sesquiterpenes (70.3%), while fruit peel oil consisted of very high amount of monoterpenes (83.2%). The dominant compounds in mango leaf oil were δ-3-carene (20.5%), α-gurjunene (19.2%), β-selinene (13.9%) and β-caryophyllene (13.7%), while fruit peel oil yielded mainly δ-3-carene (58.2%) and α-pinene (13.0%).

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Composition of the Volatile Oils of Artemisia armenica Lan. and Artemisia splendens Willd. From Iran

by: M. Kazemi, M.R. Zand, K. Roshanaei, M. Mehrzad and A. Rustaiyan

The hydrodistilled oils of the aerial parts of Artemisia armeniaca and Artemisia splendens have been analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. The main components of A. armeniaca were α-pinene (41.9%) and 1,8-cineole (20.6%) followed by spathulenol (6.7%) and limonene (5.6%). 1,8-cineole(14.5%), germacrene D (14.3%), α-pinene (11.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.3%) were found to be the major constituents of A. splendens.

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Cinnamomum loureirii Nees. From China Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation

by: R. Li, Y. Wang, Z.-T. Jiang and S. Jiang

The essential oils of the bark of young branches of Cinnamomum loureirii Nees. from China were isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD) in yields of 5.8% and 6.1%, respectively. The chemical composition of the oils was examined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty components in the HD oil and 21 components in the MHD oil were identified, representing 95.2% and 94.5% of the related oils, respectively. Major components in the HD and MHD oils were cinnamaldehyde (62.6%, 69.6%), α-copaene (16.0%, 5.4%) and β-cadinene (7.7%, 4.7%).

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Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil From Leaves of Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl.

by: N.V. Gramosa, J.V.B. de Freitas, E.R. Silveira, E.P. Nunes and W.J.M. da Silva

The chemical composition of the leaf oil from Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. was examined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventeen compounds comprising 91.3% of the total peak area were identified. Terpene alcohols (63.4%) and alkenes (27.9%) were the major components identified with elemol (15.4%), viridiflorene (10.4%) and epi-α-cadinol (9.3%) as the most prominent ones.

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Composition of the Essential Oil From the Leaves and Fruits of Morella pubescens (Humb.et Bonpl.

by: J.S. Sandoval, C.E. Quijano, G. Morales and J.A. Pino

The composition of the essential oil from leaves and fruits of Morella pubescens (Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Major compounds in both oils were germacrene B (30.9–34.1%), selina- 3,7(11)-diene (17.4–17.8%) and δ-cadinene (14.7–16.8%).

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Essential Oils From Wild and Micropropagated Plants of Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz et

by: D. Ozkum, M. Kurkcuoglu, K.H.C. Baser and R. T?p?rdamaz

Water-distilled essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum, an endemic species in Turkey was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Carvacrol (78.6%), p-cymene (7.7%) and γ-terpinene (2.2%) were identified as major constituents. The oil of micropropagated O. minutiflorum was also investigated and the results were compared with those from wild plants. Phytochemical studies of the plants indicated that in vitro propagation method increased the phenolic monoterpene (carvacrol) content, with a similar profile of other constituents.

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Chemical and Biological Investigation on Volatile Constituents of Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Clusiaceae) From Benin

by: G. Alitonou, F. Avlessi, D.C.K. Sohounhloue, J.M. Bessière and C. Menut

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves, bark and roots of Pentadesma butyracea collected in Natitingou (Benin) were investigated by capillary GC and GC/MS. Twenty-eight components, representing 97–99% of oils, were identified. The samples were exclusively sesquiterpenic, dominated in all cases by β-caryophyllene (58.0– 75.0%) and α-humulene (10.1–14.2%); the leaf oil was characterized by a high content of α-copaene (14.2%). Finally, no significant antiradical activity (DPPH method) or inhibitory effect on the soybeen lipoxygenase activity could be observed.

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Composition of Ceanothus gregii Oil as Determined by Steam Distillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction

by: M.E. Lucero, R.E. Estell and E. Fredrickson

Ceanothus gregii Gray was collected from the Jornada Experimental Range in south central New Mexico. Current year’s growth was collected from ten plants found within an approximate 50 m radius of N32°40.605’ and W106°33.486’at an altitude of 1,741 m during July 2001. Composite samples of the plants were steam distilled in triplicate, and the composite oil was analyzed using both GC-FID and GC/MS. The volatile composition of the same plants was also examined using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a 100 µm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. Mass spectra and retention indices were used to identify 41 previously described compounds. Methyl salicylate (16.8%), hexanal (11.8%) and decanal (7.0%) were the major identified compounds.

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Composition of Essential Oil Obtained From Tubular, Head and Ligulate Flowers of Calendula officinalis L. by Steam Distillation of Plant Material and CO₂ Extracts

by: L. Petrovic, Z. Lepojevic, V. Sovilj, D. Adamovic and V. Tesevic

Essential oil content of tubular, head and ligulate flowers of Calendula officinalis L. were determined using official steam distillation procedure. It was found that the ligulate flower sample had the highest oil content (0.16%). Applying SFE by means of CO₂ (200 bar, 40°C, 3 h extraction time), the highest extraction yield was found in tubular and ligulate flower samples (3.67% and 3.64%). Head flower had a lower extraction yield (2.60%) as the result of relatively small content of fatty oil, waxes and resins present in plant material. Steam distillation procedure was applied to obtain essential oils from the CO₂ extracts devoid from cuticular waxes and resins. The compositions of oils were determined by GC and GC/MS. The main compounds of all investigated oils were α-cadinol (11.7–29.1%), δ-cadinene (3.2–20.3%), γ-cadinene (1.5–11.4%) and cadina-3,9-diene (0.4–11.2%). The oil samples obtained from the CO₂ extracts were found to be more complex containing α-gurjunene, β-caryophyllene, β-gurjunene, cis-muurola- 4(14)-5-diene and α-humulene.

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Seasonal Variation in Essential Oils of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.

by: E.S. Reis, J.E.B.P. Pinto, S.K.V. Bertolucci, R.M. Correa, J.R. Paula, S.T. Andrade and P.H. Ferri

The hydrodistilled essential oil from aerial parts of Lychnophora pinaster Mart. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Plants were collected at 3-month intervals in a completely randomized design with six repetitions and the data was analyzed at the level of 5% of probability by Tukey’s test. There was a significant difference for oil contents in the different seasons. The lowest oil content was obtained in the summer (about 50% inferior to the other seasons). Methyl (E)-cinnamate was obtained as the major compound (86–90%) of the 14 identified components.

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Leaf Essential Oil Compositon of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L. R. Landrum Native From Brazil

by: F.A. Marques, E.P. Wendler, A.C.M. Baroni, P.R. de Oliveira, B.S. Sasaki and P.G. Guerrero Jr

Hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus Gomes collected in the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil, afforded the essential oil in 0.48% yield. The major component was isolated from oil and analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR techniques, which revealed the compound chavibetol (70.9%). Others major constituents found were methyl eugenol (20.7%) and o-cymene (2.8%).

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Chemical Analysis of Volatile Constituents of Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville subsp. erecta (Apiaceae) From Serbia

by: J. Lazarevic, N. Radulovic, R. Palic and B. Zlatkovic

The essential oil of Berula erecta (Apiaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. One hundred and twenty-five components identified accounted for 96.2% of the total oil. The oil was characterized by the presence of (Z)-falcarinol (21.5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (17.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.9%) and γ-terpinene (14.8%). Terpenoids (66.2%) constituted the main fraction of the oil, with monoterpene (19.3%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (39.2%) as the most abundant compound class.

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Essential Oil Composition of Casearia decandra Jacq.

by: M.E.A. Stefanello, A. Wisniewski Jr., E.L. Simionatto and A.C. Cervi

Essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves of Casearia decandra Jacq. was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty-six compounds, representing 92.3% of the total oil, were identified. The oil contained mainly sesquiterpenes (89.2%) with the diterpene thunbergol as a minor constituent (3.1%). The major components were β-caryophyllene (13.0 %) and germacrene D (11.2%).

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Composition and Chemical Variability in the Essential Oils of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley

by: T.S. Fiuza, S.M.T. Sabóia-Morais, J.R. Paula, M.T.F. Bara, L.M.F. Tresvenzol, H.D. Ferreira and P.H. Ferri

The leaves and inflorescences of the ornamental and medicinal aromatic plant Hyptidendron canum were collected from four sites in the Brazilian Cerrado and their essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results obtained by Principal Component and Cluster analysis indicated a high chemovariability in the oils from different sites. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (42.6–94.6%) were the main group of volatiles, although differences in quantities of the major constituents were observed, mainly β-caryophyllene (6.0–41.6%) and amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (6.1–30.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.7–24.8%) with the highest levels in leaves from Bela Vista and inflorescence from the Silvânia site, respectively. On the other hand, sabinene (0–11.7%) and β-copaene-4a-ol (0–10.3%), and δ-3-carene (0–13.0%) showed the highest percentages in oil inflorescences from the Silvânia and Hidrolândia populations. High amounts of α-humulene (1.4–13.9%) and carotol (0–12.4%) were observed in leaf oils from Silvânia and Hidrolândia, respectively.

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Aromas From Quebec. II. Composition of the Essential Oil of the Rhizomes and Roots of Asarum canadense L.

by: A. Bélanger, G. Collin, F.-X. Garneau, H. Gagnon and A. Pichette

The fresh rhizomes and roots of Asarum canadense were steam-distilled to yield oils in 1.30% to 1.96%, respectively. The oils were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. In the case of the rhizome oil, the total amount of phenyl ethers including methyl eugenol, elemicins, and asaricin was about 58%. In the root oil, (E)-isoelemicin was the major product (20%) accompanied by elemicin (4.9%). From retention indices on both non-polar and polar columns and MS considerations, it may be inferred that methoxy-elemicin and both (E)- and (Z)-methoxy-isoelemicin as well as the new hydroxyl derivatives: hydroxyl-elemicin and (E)- and (Z)-hydroxy-isoelemicins were characterized in the oils.

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Comparison of the Essential Oils From Fruits and Roots of Prangos denticulata Fisch. et Mey Growing in Turkey

by: C.S. K?l?c, M. Coskun, H. Duman, B. Demirci and K.H.C. Baser

Water-distilled essential oils of the fruits and roots of Prangos denticulata Fisch. et Mey. were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The fruit oil yielded 121 components representing 95.2% of the oil; the root oil yielded 70 components representing 88.1% of the oil. The major constituents of the oils were determined as sabinene (26.1%) and p-cymene (19.7%) for the fruit and δ-3-carene (49.3%) and (Z)-3,5-nonadiyne-7-ene (20.4%) for the root.

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Volatile Constituents of the Tuberous Tap-root, Leaf and Seed of Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa Cultivated in Isfahan (Iran)

by: S. Afsharypuor and M. Tahmasian

Volatile constituents of the dried tuberous tap-root, leaf and seed of cultivated Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa collected after hydrolysis were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major volatile constituents of the root were 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (32.6%), sec-butyl isothiocyanate (25.7%), 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate (12.8%), 5-methylthiopentyl isothiocyanate (10.0%) and 2-hexenal (4.6%), while the major volatile components of the leaf oil were 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate (53.7%), sec-butyl isothiocyanate (24.3%) and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (15.8%). The main volatile constituents of the seed were 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (59.7%), 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate (31.0%) and sec-butyl isothiocyanate (1.7%).

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Essential Oil of Eugenia uniflora L.: an Industrial Perfumery Approach

by: S. Gallucci, A.P. Neto, C. Porto, D. Barbizan, I. Costa, K. Marques, P. Benevides and R. Figueiredo

The chemical composition and safety evaluation of Eugenia uniflora L. leaf essential oil, obtained by industrial steam distillation equipment was described. A comparison between these and the laboratory data from literature was made. Some comments on important issues about the obtainment of an essential oil in industrial perfumery were made.

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Alpinia speciosa K. Schum. Rhizome From India

by: A.K. Indrayan, P.K. Tyagi and N.K. Agrawal

The essential oil of the rhizome of Alpinia speciosa K. Schum. collected from Dehradun, India, was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds representing 95.98% of the oil were identified. The major constituents of the essential oil of the rhizome were terpinen-4-ol (15.4%), 1,8-cineole (11.1%) and T-cadinol (8.8%). The oil showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) using the well diffusion method.

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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Fungicidal Activities of Leaf Oil of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng

by: J.G.M. da Costa, C.K.B. Pereira, F.F.G. Rodrigues and S.G. de Lima

Essential oil was isolated from the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus by hydrodistillation and analyzed using both gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Ten components were characterized representing 94.0% of the total components detected. The major constituents were: thymol (64.3%), p-cymene (10.3%), γ-terpinene (9.9%) and β-caryophyllene (2.8%). The leaf oil demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Aeromonas caviae as well as moderate fungicidal activity against Aspergillus niger.

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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz. Bip.

by: K. Javidnia, M. Gholami, O. Firuzi, H. Özer and A. Kandemir

The essential oil of Tanacetum macrophyllum growing wild in Turkey was obtained by hydrodistillation, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was tested against six bacteria and two yeasts including Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by disc diffusion method. Further the oil of this plant was analyzed by GC and GC/MS technique. Best effect of the oil was against pseudomonas earuginosa. Twenty-eight components, representing 95.6% of the total oil, were identified. The main component of the oil was β-eudesmol (89.5%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.

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1,8-Cineole Chemotype of the Essential Oils of Kyllinga erecta Schum et Thonn and its Antimicrobial Activities

by: A .O. Oyedeji, C.M. Mdlolo, B. Adeniyi and T. Akinde

The investigation of the essential oils of the aerial part and rhizomes of Kyllinga erecta by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) led to the identification of 31 and 49 compounds respectively. The oil of the aerial parts had 1,8-cineole (10.5%), α-humulene (21.7%), farnesyl acetate (11.2%), β-caryophyllene (9.9%) and selin-11-en-4-ol (8.9%) as the major components, while the rhizome oil was dominated by 1,8-cineole (12.7%) and cyperene (11.34%) and E,E-farnesol (5.5%). This analyses, especially that of the rhizome oil, suggest another chemotype of K. erecta from the known predominant cyperene-type.

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