July/August 2010

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Aromatic plants of northwest Argentina. Constituents of the essential oils of aerial parts of seven Verbenaceae: Lantana and Aloysia.

by: J.S. Dambolena, M.P. Zunino, E.I. Lucini and J.A. Zygadlo, E. Banchio, F. Biurrun, A. Rotman and O. Ahumada

The chemical composition of essential oil samples of the aerial parts of Lantana canescens, Lantana tilcarensis, Lantana trifolia, Aloysia citriodora, Aloysia gratissima, Aloysia castellanosii and Aloysia catamarcensis from northwest Argentina, phytogeographic areas of Yungas, Puna, Parque Chaqueño and Monte, have been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main oil component group present in the oils of the aerial parts of Lantana species were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (> 24.8%). In contrast, the main compound group found in the oils of Aloysia species were oxygenated monoterpenes (> 19.6%). The comparison with previous studies performed by other authors points to a significant variation in the chemical composition of essential oil depending on the origin of the plants.

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Determination of the Essential Oil from Root and Aerial Parts of Artemisia dracunculus L. cultivated in central Iran

by: G. Haghi, F. Ghasian and J. Safaei-Ghomi

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from Artemisia dracunculus root and aerial parts cultivated in central Iran, were analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three components of the root oil were identified. The most prominent components were acenaphthene (67.5%) and 2,4-pentadiynyl–benzene (22.2%). The analysis of aerial parts revealed the presence of sixteen compounds identified in the oil; major constituents were methyl chavicol (76.6%), (E)-beta-ocimene (11.0%), (Z)-b-ocimene (6.9%) and limonene (2.5%).

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth.

by: R.K. Joshi and C. Pande

The essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth., collected from the Pindari glacier area (Phurkiya) at 3000–3200 m height of the Himalayas was analyzed by a combination of GC, GC/MS and 1H- and 13C-NMR. Thirty-four compounds representing 88.9% of the oil were identified. The major constituents were germacrene D (34.3%), sabinene (6.2%), germacrene D-4-ol (4.9%), linalool (4.8%) and a-bulnesene (3.5%). The oil showed a high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Ducrosia assadii Alava. from Kerman Province in Iran

by: A. Mostafavi, T. Shamspur, D. Afazali and S.M. Mirtadzadini

Essential oils from three collections of Ducrosia assadii Alava. were obtained by a commercial-scale hydrodistillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization (GC/FID) and capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) detection. Sixty-one components were identified in the first oil of D. assadii from Lalehzar with decanal (74.0%), dodecanal (7.2 %) and ?-pinene (4.0%) as the main constituents. Fifty components were identified in a second oil of D. assadii from Lalehzar with decanal (35.2%), nonadecane (12%) and citronellyl acetate (11.6%) as the main constituents. The oil from Dehbakrii also contained decanal (36.4%) as the main component of an oil recovered from the distillate water. The results showed that the amount of decanal is remarkably high in the oils of D. assadii.

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Leaf Oil of Campomanesia sessiliflora O. Berg

by: C.L. Cardoso, V.M.F. Kataoka and N. Ré-Poppi

The essential oil obtained from the leaves of Campomanesia sessiliflora (Myrtaceae) collected in the Mato Grosso do Sul in the vegetative stage was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine components were identified in the leaf oil. The major constituents in the leaf oil were bicyclogermacrene (22.4%), spathulenol (15.9%) and germacrene D (14.6%).

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Composition of Leaf and Rhizome Essential Oils of Hedychium coronarium Koen. from Brazil

by: B.C.B. dos Santos, L.E.S. Barata, F.A. Marques, A.C.M. Baroni, B.A.C. Karnos, P.R. de Oliveira and P.G. Guerrero Jr

Hydrodistillation of fresh leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium collected in the Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil afforded essential oils in 0.68% and 0.20% yields, respectively. Analysis of the oils by GC and GC/MS revealed as predominant constituents in the leaf oil b-caryophyllene (43.0%), caryophyllene oxide (12.1%)and b-pinene (11.6%,), whereas 1,8-cineole (34.8%), b-pinene (16.7%) and a-terpineol (13.1%) were the major components identified in the rhizome oil.

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Composition of the Essential Oil From Leaves of Peperomia galioides HBK Grown in Colombia

by: P.A. Robayo-Gama, C.E. Quijano, G. Morales and J.A. Pino

The composition of the essential oil from leaves of Peperomia galioides HBK was analyzed by GC and combined GC/MS. Eighty-four constituents were identified which constituted more than 99% of the leaf oil. The major compounds in the oil were safrole (42.3%) and epi-a-bisabolol (29.2%).

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Analysis of Cymenes in Essential Oils: the Case of Lepechinia meyeni (Walp.) Epling.

by: G. Collin, F-X. Garneau, H. Gagnon, A.Pichette and S. Lavoie

The similarity of the mass spectra of the o-, m- and p-cymenes together with the small differences of their retention indices make it difficult to unambiguously identify the three cymene isomers. Moreover, there are discrepancies in the various data banks used as a reference in the analysis of essential oils. The authors have taken advantage of the presence of these three compounds in the oil of Lepechinia meyeni to identify the right order of elution of these compounds on both non-polar and polar columns. The order of elution on both DB-5 and S-wax 10 capillary columns is: m-, followed closely by p- and finally at some distance, o-cymene. A fourth compound having a similar mass spectrum was observed. From the literature, it was tentatively identified as 3,7,7-trimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene.

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Essential Oil Composition of Two Species of Phlomis L. (Phlomis aucheri Boiss. and Phlomis elliptica Benth.) (Lamiaceae) from Iran

by: K. Javidnia, R. Miri, M. Soltani and A.R. Khosravi

The essential oils of Phlomis aucheri and Phlomis elliptica have been investigated by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine compounds of Ph. aucheri and fifty-eight of Ph. elliptica representing 91.2% and 90.1% of the oil samples were identified, respectively. Caryophyllene-type compounds comprised 63.8% of the oil of Ph. aucheri and the main constituents of this oil were caryophyllene oxide (33.5%), b-caryophyllene (27.0%) and b-selinene (10.2%), while for Ph. elliptica, the dominant structures were aliphatic hydrocarbons with hexadecanoic acid (19.1%), linoleic acid (10.2%) and b-selinene (9.9%) as the predominant compounds.

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Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from Algerian Nigella sativa L. seeds

by: F. Benkaci-Ali, A. Baaliouamer, J.P. Wathelet and M. Marlier

The chemical composition of the volatiles obtained from the fixed oils of Nigella sativa L. seeds growing in Algeria was investigated by GC and GC/MS analysis. Two solvents were studied for extracting the oils, hexane and isopropanol. The composition of N. sativa seeds varieties having four location origins in Algeria, were determined. Alcohols and ketones formed the main proportion using the two solvents, respectively (hexane: 27.4–36.1%, isopropanol: 40.2–59.0%) and (hexane: 39.9–44.3%, isopropanol: 17.5–50.7%), among which thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone were the predominant antioxidant compounds. The monoterpene hydrocarbons constitute relatively the lower fraction compared to the precedent chemical families, particularly by using the isopropanol solvent.

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Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Piper maingayi Hk.

by: H.M. Sirat, O.B. Thai and F. Ahmad

The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Piper maingayi isolated by hydrodistillation was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty-three components accounting for 91.2% of the oil were identified. Sesquiterpenes contributed the main composition (75%) with b-caryophyllene (39.6%) as the major constituent.

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Composition of the Essential Oils of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica and Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball

by: S. Alan, M. Kürkcüoglu and K.H.C. Baser

The essential oils obtained by micro-distillation from aerial parts of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica (A) and and Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball (B) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Cis-piperitone oxide (45.7%), terpinen-4-ol (8.6%), piperitenone oxide (5.5%) and trans-piperitone oxide (5.2%) were detected as main constituents in sample A; cis-piperitone oxide (21.8%), limonene (15.7%), piperitenone oxide (10.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.0 %) were found as main constituents in sample B.

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Volatile Constituents of the Fruits of Siparuna thecaphora (Siparunaceae) from Costa Rica

by: J.F. Cicció and J. Gómez-Laurito

The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of fruits of Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Endl.) A. DC., collected in Turrialba, Costa Rica, was examined by capillary GC-FID and GC/MS. Sixty-three compounds were identified corresponding to ca. 94% of the oil. The major components were 2-undecanone (18.7%), geranial (14.4%), neral (10.7%), citronellal (8.4%), citronellol (6.3%) and b-pinene (6.5%).

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Chemical Variability of Artemisia herba-alba Asso Growing Wild in Semi-arid and Arid Land (Tunisia)

by: F. Boukrich, S. Zouari, M. Neffati, C. Abdelly, K. Liu, J. Casanova and F. Tomi

Twenty-six oil samples were isolated by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso growing wild in Tunisia (semi-arid land) and their chemical composition was determined by GC(RI), GC/MS and 13C-NMR. Various compositions were observed, dominated either by a single component (a-thujone, camphor, chrysanthenone or trans-sabinyl acetate) or characterized by the occurrence, at appreciable contents, of two or more of these compounds. These results confirmed the tremendous chemical variability of A. herba-alba.

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Root Essential Oil of Achillea lingulata Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae)

by: O. Jovanovi ´ c, N. Radulovic, R. Palic and B. Zlatkovic

The volatile constituents of the underground parts of Achillea lingulata Waldst. & Kit. obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. One-hundred-twenty constituents identified accounted for 94.1% of the total oil. The major components of the oil were: neryl tiglate (16.2%), t-cadinol (12.2%), neryl isovalerate (9.7%) and cubenol (8.9%). The terpenoid fraction represented ca. 90% of the oil (28.8% monoterpenoids, with monoterpene esters making up 27.8%, 60.4% sesquiterpenoids and 0.2% diterpenoids).

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Essential Oil Composition of the Inflorescence of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Collected at Different Stages of Flowering from Kumaon Region of Western Himalaya

by: R.S. Verma, Laiq-ur-Rahman, R.K. Verma, A. Chauhan, A. Singh, C.S. Chanotiya, A. Yadav, A.K. Singh, A.K. Kukreja and S.P.S. Khanuja

The essential oils obtained from Artemisia capillaris at different stages of flowering were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components of this oil were capillene, g-terpinene, eugenol, limonene, p-cymene, myrcene and a-pinene. Capillene (40.1%), a-pinene (2.4%) and p-cymene (2.5%) were higher in the oil obtained from plants collected during full bloom stage, while g-terpinene (24.6%) and eugenol (15.0%) were the main components of the oil from the seed setting stage. Characteristic of the oil was the presence of the rarely occurring compounds like capillene and norcapillene.

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Volatile Profile of the Peel Oil of ‘Setoka’ ([‘Kiyomi x Encore No.2’] x ‘Murcott’), A New Hybrid Sweet Citrus Fruit

by: H.S. Song and M. Sawamura

The volatile profile of ‘Setoka,’ a cold-pressed peel oil of a citrus hybrid was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Among the 74 components quantified in Setoka oil, 24 terpene hydrocarbons and 50 oxygenated compounds were identified, with peak weight percentages of 82.6 % and 16.8%, respectively. The major components of Setoka oil were limonene (77.3%), (Z)-nerolidol (4.2%), myrcene (1.9%), (E)-2-dodecenal (1.8%) and cis-carveol (1.0%). Although limonene was the most prominent component in Setoka oil, its content was relatively low compared to the commonly encountered citrus peel oils. A peculiarity of the volatile profile of Setoka oil was the ratio of alcohols (8.8%) to aldehydes (4.9%), which resulted from the relative abundance of (Z)-nerolidol and cis-carveol. The level of esters (1.7%) was another characteristic of Setoka oil. A significant feature of Setoka oil was suggested to the relative affluence in (Z)-nerolidol, (E)-2-dodecenal, carvone and a-terpinyl acetate.

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Studies of the Essential Oil Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Profiles of Frankenia laevis L. from Tunisia

by: M.A. Mahjoub, Z. Mighri, J. Chriaa, M. Daami, D. Saïdana and A.N. Helal

Essential oils from the aerial parts of Frankenia laevis were obtained by steam distillation and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Forty-four compounds were identified, representing 91.5% of the oil constituents. Hexadecanoic acid was the major compound (19.8%), followed by methyl linoleate (16%), (E, E)-farnesyl acetate (9.5%), (E)- nerolidol (8.9%) and benzyl benzoate (6.8%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations, minimum bactericidal concentrations and inhibition zone diameters against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi were determined. Essential oil was particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Salmonella typhimurium, nevertheless no antifungal activity was detected at the tested concentrations.

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Essential Oil Composition of Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo ex Guss. subsp. nebrodensis from Central Italy

by: F. Maggi, D. Lucarini, B. Tirillini, S. Vittori, G. Sagratini and F. Papa

The essential oil of Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo ex Guss. subsp. nebrodensis growing in central Italy was analyzed for the first time by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-nine components were identified, representing 89.3% of the oil under study. The oxygenated monoterpenes gave the highest contribution (33.0 %), and citronellol (29.7%) was the main component of this fraction. Esters were the second most abundant group of components (18.8%) with ethyl hexadecanoate (9.5%) as the main representative in this fraction. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the oil was discussed in order to support the actual botanical discrimination from E. major Host, so far exclusively morphologically based.

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Essential Oil Composition of Leaf and Rhizome Oil of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt. from Northeast India

by: P.B. Kanjilal, R. Kotoky and M. Couladis

The essential oils of the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt., family Zingiberaceae, were obtained by hydrodistillation and yielded 0.02% and 0.4%, respectively. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition by capillary GC and GC/MS. A total of 18 compounds were identified representing about 96.4% of leaf and 97.8% of rhizome oils, respectively. 1,8-cineole was the major component in both leaf (25.4%) and rhizome (34%) oils. In addition, b-pinene (15.1%), camphor (15.3%), carotol (7.3%), a-pinene (7.8%) and camphene (7.0%) were also present in leaf oil, whereas in the rhizome oil a-fenchyl acetate (13.1%), a-terpineol (9.6%), b-pinene (8.1%) and camphene (7.0%) were the other main constituents.

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Notes on the Composition of Patchouli Oil (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.)

by: C.P. Cornwell

A study of commercial oils of Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] from three regions in Asia found no evidence for the presence of allo-aromadendrene in any of the oils, indicating that previous reports were either adulterated with Gurjun Balsam (Dipterocarpus sp.) or more likely misidentified. Traces of acetophenone, 9-epi-bcaryophyllene, (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, (E,E)-farnesol, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 5-methylfurfural, 1-octen-3-one, 2-pentylfuran, phenylacetaldehyde, phytol, toluene, and p-vinylguaiacol were identified, possibly for the first time, in Patchouli oil.

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Headspace Solvent Microextraction of Volatile Components of Thymus daenensis

by: P. Hashemi, M.M. Abolghasemi, H. Hassanvand and S. Ahmadi

A headspace solvent microextraction (HSME) method for extraction of volatile components of aerial parts of Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis plant into a microdrop is described. A comparison was made between the results obtained by HSME and a conventional hydrodistillation method. From 36 volatile components found in the hydrodistillated extract, 20 were identified and quantified in the HSME extract. The major components for both isolates were geraniol (34.9–37.2%), geranyl acetate (15.3–18.7%), geranial (9.0–11.2%), nerol (6.4–8.3%) and neral (7.1–9.3%).

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Composition of the Essential Oil from Leaves and Fruits of Salvia palaefolia Kunth Grown in Colombia

by: A. García-Rojas, J. Fontecha-García, A.F. Peralta-Bohórquez, C.E. Quijano-Celis, G. Morales and J.A. Pino

The composition of the essential oils from leaves of Salvia palaefolia Kunth was analyzed by GC and combined GC/MS. Fifty compounds were identified which constitute more than 84% of the composition. Major compounds in the oil were b-caryophyllene (32.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (31.6%).

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Composition of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Tagetes zipaquinensis Hump. et Bonpl. Grown in Colombia

by: D.C. Hernández-Lozano, J. Fontecha-García, A.F. Peralta-Bohórquez, C.E. Quijano-Celis, G. Morales and J.A. Pino

The composition of the essential oil from leaves of Tagetes zipaquinensis Hump. et Bonpl. was analyzed by GC and combined GC/MS. Sixty-three constituents were identified which constitute 97% of the total composition. Major compounds in the leaf oil were dihydro-tagetone (55.8%) and (Z)-b-ocimene (18.8%).

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